![]() The World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) can serve as foundation for developing such tools. To standardize the assessment of functioning and environmental influences in individual cases of ADHD in clinical, research and educational settings, it would be helpful to have internationally, accepted classification tools available. Supportive factors in the environment, such as special education programs and pharmacological treatments, have been shown to reduce challenges in ADHD, while lack of support and negative attitudes from family members often result in increased behavioural problems. Other studies have found certain personality features, such as inspiration and feelings of togetherness, to facilitate coping strategies in individuals with ADHD. Despite these negative outcomes in individual functioning, reports also suggest that there may be specific strengths related to ADHD, such as creativity and hyper-focusing, although these have not been documented consistently by research. In addition, ADHD is associated with an increased risk for other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, poorer quality of life, and premature mortality. ADHD is also characterized by cognitive difficulties, and impacts significantly on management of daily routines, school, work and social relationships. The international nature of the ICF-CY makes it possible to develop user-friendly tools that can be applied globally and in multiple settings, ranging from clinical services and policy-making to education and research.Īttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition behaviourally defined by patterns of persistent age inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, affecting 3–7% of children and adults worldwide. ICF-CY based tools can serve as foundation for capturing various functional profiles and environmental facilitators and barriers. The study findings endorse the complex nature of ADHD, as evidenced by the many functional and contextual domains impacted in ADHD. The clinical study also yielded strengths related to ADHD, which included temperament and personality functions and recreation and leisure. In total, 113 ICF-CY categories were identified, of which 50 were related to the activities and participation, 33 to environmental factors and 30 to body functions. The ratings were based on a variety of information sources, such as medical records, medical history, clinical observations, clinical questionnaires, psychometric tests and structured interviews with participants and family members. Clinicians and clinical researchers rated the functioning level of 112 children, adolescents and adults with ADHD using the extended ICF-CY checklist version 2.1a. An international cross-sectional multi-centre study was applied, involving nine units from eight countries: Denmark, Germany, India, Italy, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden and Taiwan. To investigate aspects of functioning and environment of individuals with ADHD as documented by the ICF-CY in clinical practice settings. This is the fourth and final study designed to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF, and children and youth version, ICF-CY) core sets for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ![]()
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